The Neurobehavioral Nature of Fishe and the Question of Awareness and Pain

This review examines the neurobehavioral nature question of whether fishes are capable of experiencing pain and effects of anthropomorphic thinking and the importance of an e understanding the neurobehavioral differences between fishes differences in central nervous system structure that underlie ba between fishes and humans are described. The literature on th and of pain is reviewed, showing that: (1) behavioral responses from the psychological experience of pain, (2) awareness of pa functions of specific regions of cerebral cortex, and (3) fishes la or any functional equivalent, making it untenable that they can e experience of fear, similar to pain, depends on cerebral cortical fish brains, it is concluded that awareness of fear is impossible implausible that fishes can experience pain or emotions, they d neuroendocrine, and physiological stress responses to noxious potentially injurious stress responses is an important issue in co